Diet in phenylketonuria: A snapshot of special dietary costs and reimbursement systems in 10 international centers

Background and aims: To gather exploratory data on the costs and reimbursement of special dietary foods used in the management of phenylketonuria (PKU) from ten international specialist PKU centers. Methods: Experts from each center provided data on retail costs of the three most frequently used phenylalanine-free protein substitutes and low-protein foods at their center; reimbursement of protein substitutes and low-protein foods; and state monetary benefits provided to PKU patients. Results: The mean annual cost of protein substitutes across 4 age groups (2. y, 8. y, 15. y and adults) ranged from €4273 to €21,590 per patient. The cost of low-protein products also differed; the mean cost of low-protein bread varied from €0.04 to €1.60 per 100. kcal. All protein substitutes were either fully reimbursed or covered by health insurance. However, reimbursement for low-protein products varied and state benefits differed between centers. Conclusions: The variation in the cost and reimbursement of diet therapy and the level of additional state benefits for PKU patients demonstrates the large difference in expenditure on and access to PKU dietary products. This highlights the inequality between healthcare systems and access to special dietary products for people with PKU, ultimately leading to patients in some countries receiving better care than others.