Atherogenic markers in predicting cardiovascular risk and targeting residual cardiovascular risk

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol (LDL-C)is the primary target in cardiovascular (CV)disease prevention and is commonly used in estimating CV risk; however, alternative markers may be needed when LDL-C is not an appropriate marker (e.g. in the presence of low LDL-C levels or elevated triglyceride [TG]levels). Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C)and apolipoprotein B (apoB)are markers of atherogenic lipoproteins with evidenced associations with CV risk and are, therefore, recommended as secondary targets, appropriate for use in the presence of elevated TG levels. The reported strength of the associations of non-HDL-C and apoB in comparison to LDL-C is conflicting between studies, potentially due to discordance of the markers which can alter their predictive pattern. Although LDL-C levels are commonly managed with statin treatment, a residual risk of CV events still remains, and an abnormal lipid profile can persist. Combination therapy to further reduce LDL-C levels can be beneficial; a statin therapy combined with other LDL-C-lowering therapy further reduced the number of CV events. In addition, targeting other markers, including non-HDL-C, apoB, total cholesterol and TGs may also be beneficial, specifically in patients with low HDL-C and elevated TG levels. More clinical evidence is required before definitive recommendations can be made; however, a statin–fenofibrate combination demonstrated favourable reductions in major CV events in these specific patients.