Sepsis: A Challenging Disease With New Promises for Personalized Medicine and Biomarker Discovery

Sepsis, one of the priority diseases in health research, is a severe disease condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory response to infections, and its incidence still keeps increasing worldwide. To date, no reliable markers for prognosis, early diagnosis, and progression of the disease are available. To answer the question why we do need biomarkers and diagnostic point-of-care systems, we can simply set the frame as follows: to differentiate uncomplicated infection from sepsis, to identify sepsis and organ dysfunction at the earliest stage, to have diagnostic criteria sensitive to the complexity of the patients while retaining the validity and accuracy, and to stratify patients who can benefit from treatment, particularly personalized and specific treatment. This chapter aims to discuss sepsis, mainly in adult population, with its challenges in diagnosis, management, and prognostication from a point of view of promising novel biomarkers in a personalized medicine approach.