Pickup and delivery with electric vehicles under stochastic battery depletion

The use of electric vehicles in passenger and freight transportation has been increasing especially in developed countries. Stochastic battery depletion is one of the concerns that needs to be addressed in electric vehicle routing. This paper accordingly proposes a chance-constrained mixed integer non-linear programming model and a linear approximation for the pickup and delivery problem with electric vehicles under stochastic battery depletion assumption. The ability to respect stochastic battery depletion could also help to alleviate the range anxiety of drivers. We have showed the added value of respecting stochasticity in battery depletion and applicability of the proposed approximation by means of several numerical experiments.