Nanomaterials-based enzyme biosensors for electrochemical applications: Recent trends and future prospects

Nanotechnology has attracted great attention in recent decades for the development of new biosensing technologies. Nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, nanoparticles, and nanostructured polymers, are widely used in biological, pharmaceutical, clinical, forensic, food safety, and environmental applications due to their excellent chemical, mechanical, electrical, structural, optical, and thermal properties. They constitute an emerging, interdisciplinary field of science for developing new detection methods and scientific investigations of the materials obtained. In addition, nanomaterials- based methods have various commercial and technological applications by eliminating the use of laborious, expensive, and complex methods. Thus, the combination of nanomaterials with electrochemical detection strategies is in demand for various biosensor applications. Enzyme biosensors, which are analytical devices that combine enzymes with transducers, have many advantages for the construction of sensitive and selective analytical systems. In this chapter, we offer the details of the new generation nanomaterials-based enzyme biosensors for electrochemical applications.