Imaging of renal pseudotumors in children: a comprehensive review

Certain renal developmental anomalies and non-tumorous lesions in children may mimic malignant tumors, leading to diagnostic challenges. These lesions, known as pseudotumors, require careful differentiation to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures. In this context, imaging techniques play a critical role in differentiating pseudotumors from malignant neoplasms. Ultrasound (US) is the preferred initial imaging modality in pediatric patients. When US findings are inconclusive, magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used as the next step. Computed tomography is less commonly preferred due to ionizing radiation. It is useful to evaluate the lesion along with the clinical and laboratory findings, and the follow-up imaging may be necessary in some cases. This review presents common and uncommon developmental, infectious, granulomatous, vascular, and miscellaneous renal pseudotumors in the pediatric population.