α-Glucosidase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from Geranium asphodeloides: Inhibition kinetics and mechanistic insights through in vitro and in silico studies

Some Geranium species have been used to treat diabetes. To evaluate the scientific basis of this ethnopharmacological use, we aimed to isolate potent α-glucosidase inhibitory metabolites of Geranium asphodeloides Burm. through in vitro bioactivity-guided fractionation. All the tested extracts showed high α-glucosidase inhibitory effect compared to acarbose. Among the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate subextract showed the highest activity with an IC ₅₀ value of 0.85 ± 0.01 µM. A hydrolysable tannin, 1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), and five flavonoid glycosides, kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-α-arabinofuranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (5), and quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnofuranoside (6), were isolated from the ethyl acetate subextract. Their structures were identified by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. 1 exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, approximately 61 times more potent than positive control, acarbose, with an IC ₅₀ value of 0.95 ± 0.07 µM. Also, 2 was more potent than acarbose. An enzyme kinetics analysis revealed that compounds 2, 3 and 4 were competitive, whereas 1 and 6 uncompetitive inhibitors. Molecular docking studies were performed to get insights into inhibition mechanisms of the isolated compounds in the light of the enzyme kinetic studies using various binding sites of the enzyme model.